Firm News Archives

Federal Court Challenge Highlights Systemic Failures in Correcting Injustice Within the Uniformed Force, the United States Public Health Service

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Becky Haugen

A federal lawsuit now before the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia brings renewed attention to the obligation of military correction boards to correct injustices in the records of uniformed service members, particularly when clear evidence shows systemic failures in supervision, medical oversight, and administrative review. The case arises for a uniformed officer serving in the United States Public Health Service (PHS).

In this case, an accomplished commissioned officer seeks judicial review after a federal agency official overturned a formal PHS Board for Correction (BFC) finding that an injustice had occurred. The complaint challenges whether the agency’s leadership may disregard its own correction board’s fact-based conclusions without evidentiary support, and whether such actions violate long-standing administrative law principles.

A Record Showing Red Flags, But No Intervention

According to the court filings, the correction board determined that the officer’s service record reflected unmistakable warning signs of a serious medical condition tied to a line-of-duty injury and prescribed treatment. Despite repeated absences and performance concerns that should have triggered inquiry and assistance, the record showed no evidence that supervisors ever confronted the officer, investigated the underlying cause, or referred the matter for appropriate treatment.

The PHS BFC concluded that this failure constituted a clear injustice, particularly where governing regulations emphasize early identification, supervisory responsibility, and mandatory referral when substance-related or medical impairment is suspected. Those findings were grounded in the administrative record and supported by established precedent recognizing that silence and stigma often prevent individuals from self-reporting medical conditions.

Despite the PHS BFC’s determination, a senior agency official rejected the recommendation and denied relief without identifying evidence contradicting the Board’s findings. The complaint argues that this reversal was arbitrary and capricious, as it failed to grapple with the record evidence, ignored the board’s conclusions, and substituted unsupported assertions in place of reasoned analysis

Equally significant, the agency attempted to deny the officer’s application “with prejudice.” In response, the government has now effectively conceded in its court filings that such denials are not permitted under the governing statute—an admission that carries implications well beyond this individual case.

At its core, this litigation is about accountability. Federal correction boards exist to remedy injustice when the system fails. When their findings are overridden without evidence, service members lose faith in the very mechanisms designed to protect them.

This case underscores:

The duty of supervisors to act when medical or behavioral red flags appear
The legal limits on agency discretion when overturning correction-board decisions
The continuing role of federal courts in safeguarding due process for those who served

For service members navigating complex medical and administrative challenges, the outcome of this case may shape how agencies nationwide honor their statutory responsibilities.

About the Firm

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC, is a nationally recognized military and federal employment law firm based in Washington, D.C. The firm represents service members, veterans, and federal employees worldwide in courts-martial, security clearance matters, military correction boards, disability and retirement cases, and complex federal litigation.

Disclaimer

This press release is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. No attorney-client relationship is formed by this publication. Past results do not guarantee future outcomes.

Constitution vs. Unlawful Retaliation: Why This Lawsuit Matters to Every Service Member

Posted on January 15, 2026January 16, 2026 by Becky Haugen

A constitutional line has been crossed, and every service member, veteran, and military family should be paying close attention.

In a newly filed federal lawsuit, a retired U.S. Navy service member, Arizona Senior Senator Mark Kelly, CAPT, USN (retired) is challenging what many legal experts are calling an unprecedented and unlawful act: a post-retirement demotion allegedly driven by political retaliation. The case, now drawing national attention, raises fundamental questions about free speech, civilian control, and the integrity of military justice itself.

As reported in Axios, Senior Military Defense Attorney Annie Morgan did not mince words in her assessment, calling the action “patently politically motivated” and warning that it represents a direct attack on long-standing constitutional protections afforded to both active-duty personnel and retirees.

A Dangerous Expansion of Power

At the center of the lawsuit is an effort reportedly tied to Pete Hegseth that seeks to retroactively punish a retired service member, someone no longer subject to the day-to-day authority of the chain of command. If allowed to stand, this move would represent a dramatic expansion of government power into territory that has historically been off-limits.

Military retirement is not a conditional privilege that can be revoked for disfavored speech. It is an earned status, grounded in decades of service and protected by constitutional principles. As Morgan explains, using rank demotion as a political weapon risks transforming military justice into a tool of retaliation rather than discipline.

The Chilling Effect on Free Speech

The implications extend far beyond one individual.

If retirees can be punished years later for expressing political views, criticizing government leadership, or participating in public discourse, the result will be a chilling effect across the entire military community. Active-duty service members, reservists, and veterans alike may reasonably fear that speaking out, even lawfully, could jeopardize their careers, benefits, or reputations.

That outcome cuts directly against the First Amendment and undermines the trust that service members must have in a fair, apolitical system of justice.

Why This Lawsuit Is a Line in the Sand

This case is not about politics; it is about limits.

It asks whether the government can reach backward in time to impose punishment on someone who has already completed honorable service. It challenges whether military authority ends at retirement, as the law has long recognized, or whether it can be revived whenever speech becomes inconvenient.

As covered in Axios, the lawsuit positions itself as a landmark challenge to government overreach, one that could set precedent for how far retaliation may go if left unchecked.

What Comes Next

Courts now have the opportunity and the responsibility to reaffirm that constitutional protections do not disappear at the end of active service. For veterans who have already given years, and often decades, to the nation, that assurance is not symbolic. It is essential.

This case will shape the future of military justice, free speech, and the relationship between service and citizenship.

Read the full Axios reporting here to understand why this lawsuit matters not just to one retired officer, but to every person who has worn the uniform.

A Season of Gratitude for Those Who Serve and Those Still Waiting

Posted on December 24, 2025December 23, 2025 by Becky Haugen

As families gather during the holiday season, it is a time to pause and express gratitude—for service, for sacrifice, and for the quiet resilience of those who continue to serve even when recognition comes slowly, if at all.

Across the military and federal workforce, many service members and employees spend this time of year navigating unresolved challenges: pending medical evaluations, delayed retirement decisions, discharge reviews still under consideration, or careers placed on hold by administrative processes that move far more slowly than life itself. These are not abstract issues. They shape families’ futures, financial stability, and a sense of dignity earned through years of service.

This season invites reflection not only on what has been given, but on what is still owed—fair process, timely decisions, and lawful treatment. Gratitude does not require silence about the systems that affect those who serve. Instead, it can take the form of patient advocacy, careful attention to detail, and a commitment to ensuring that every case is reviewed on its merits.

For many, the holidays arrive without resolution. Yet service continues—often quietly, often unseen. Families adapt. Careers wait. And hope persists that the coming year will bring clarity, fairness, and accountability.

At this time of year, we extend our sincere thanks to service members, veterans, federal employees, and their families. Your service matters. Your patience is not unnoticed. And your right to fair treatment under the law remains essential—during the holidays and beyond.

After Years of Legal Barriers, Client Secures Critical Breakthrough in Mandamus Fight to Restore Full Appellate Review

Posted on December 2, 2025 by Becky Haugen

In a case defined by extraordinary perseverance and complex jurisdictional obstacles, a former Guantanamo detainee represented by Senior Military Defense Attorney Annie W. Morgan of the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC, has taken a major step forward in the effort to secure the full measure of appellate review guaranteed under federal law.

For more than a decade, the client has fought, often against procedural roadblocks not of their own making, to obtain a lawful review of their conviction by the United States Court of Military Commission Review (USCMCR), as required under 10 U.S.C. § 950f(d). Despite years of delay, shifting interpretations of waiver rules, repeated abeyances, and a novel assertion of the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, the client has refused to abandon the pursuit of lawful, congressionally mandated review.

Today’s development underscores one truth: the client’s courage, resilience, and insistence on the rule of law have kept this case alive when institutions failed to act.

A Story of Unusual Persistence in the Face of Systemic Delay

The client’s path to justice has been anything but direct. Though Congress established mandatory appellate review for military commission cases, the procedural history of this matter has been marked by:

Multiple delays and long periods of abeyance at the USCMCR
Government-created procedural roadblocks to obtain the record necessary for appeal, requiring mandamus intervention
A eventual dismissal based on the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, despite the client’s transfer being conducted under a formal diplomatic agreement—not flight, evasion, or refusal to appear and client remaining subject to lawful extradition

At every stage, the client remained steadfast. At every barrier, the client continued to assert the right Congress guarantees.

“This case has always been about ensuring that the Rule of Law is honored,” said Annie Morgan. “Our client has shown extraordinary strength in the face of procedural obstacles that should never have occurred. Their resilience is the reason we are still moving forward. And we will continue to fight until the statutory right to review is finally fulfilled.”

Why This Case Matters

This fight extends well beyond a single appeal. At its core, it speaks to:

The long-standing brokenness of the military commissions systems;
The duty of tribunals to exercise the jurisdiction Congress mandates; and
The fundamental principle that no person, no matter the forum, should lose their rights due to administrative delay or misapplied doctrine.

Congress was explicit:
The USCMCR “shall review the record in each case submitted to it.” (10 U.S.C. § 950f(d)).

When agencies fail to act, the courts must intervene. That is the purpose of mandamus—and the reason this client’s fight continues.

ABOUT THE LAW OFFICES OF DAVID P. SHELDON, PLLC

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC is a premier national practice focused on military law, federal employment, veteran’s rights, and the defense of service members across all uniformed services. Our team litigates before military commissions, federal courts, the Board for Correction of Military Records, the MSPB, and agencies across the United States. We are committed to protecting those who serve.

DISCLAIMER

This press release provides general information regarding ongoing litigation and does not offer legal advice. No confidential client details have been disclosed. Past results do not guarantee future outcomes.

After a Decade of Waiting, Former Army Officer Finally Wins Long-Overdue Retirement Relief

Posted on November 25, 2025 by Becky Haugen

For more than ten years, a dedicated Army Reserve officer lived under the weight of a decision that abruptly ended her career just months before she reached the crucial milestone needed to secure her earned retirement. Today, that chapter finally closes and a new one begins.

On November 18, 2025, the U.S. Army Human Resources Command formally notified her that her request for a Mandatory Removal Date (MRD) extension has been approved and that the Army has corrected her records to reflect completion of 20 years of qualifying service. The Army simultaneously issued her long-delayed 20-year retirement letter and revoked her 2015 discharge order, clearing the way for her to receive her retirement benefits at last.

This outcome comes after the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled earlier this year that the Army’s prior denial was “arbitrary and capricious,” identifying several critical errors in the Army’s reasoning and ordering the case remanded for proper review.

What happened next was extraordinary: the Army, upon reconsideration, agreed with the court, the evidence, and, finally, the truth.

A Story of Service, Setback, and Steadfast Resolve

The woman at the center of this decision served her country faithfully for nearly two decades, joining the Army Reserve later in life, earning respect within her field, and working tirelessly to support soldiers through her medical specialty.

As she approached 20 years of service, she found herself only months short of the threshold that would allow her to retire with the benefits she earned. Despite strong recommendations from Army leadership, she was released from service at age 60 due to administrative interpretations that her specialty was “overstrength.” The decision ended her career several weeks shy of the 18-year mark, an incredibly narrow margin that, if crossed, would have obligated the Army to retain her until she reached the 20 years required for retirement.

She tried everything:

Seeking an extension
Applying to transfer into an understaffed specialty
Requesting reconsideration
Filing FOIA requests
Petitioning the Army Board for Correction of Military Records

Ultimately, she filed suit in federal court because all other doors had closed.

The Court found the Deputy Secretary of the Army’s decision to depart from the recommendation of the Army Board for the Correction of Military Records was inadequately explained and thus arbitrary and capricious. On remand, the Board once again granted the officer the relief she had sought in the first instance. This time, the Deputy Assistant Secretary – recognizing the clear injustice presented – agreed.

The Court found that key Army leadership decisions were based on misunderstanding, incomplete reasoning, or clear factual mistakes. The judge emphasized that her separation, occurring mere months before the pivotal window, raised serious concerns of injustice.

“This outcome is a testament to perseverance and to the principle that fairness must prevail—even when the process takes far too long,” said Dylan Thayer, the attorney representing the client. “For years, she carried the weight of an unjust separation that cut short an honorable career. Today’s decision not only restores what she earned, but it restores her faith that the system can correct itself. I am incredibly proud of her resilience and grateful to have played a role in helping her finally receive the justice she deserved.”

What This Decision Means for Her

This is more than a correction to a file. This is the restoration of a career, a legacy, and long-denied dignity.

Her 2015 discharge has been voided.
Her service record has been corrected to reflect 20 years of qualifying service.
Her eligibility for non-regular retired pay is confirmed.
She now holds her official 20-Year Letter, dated October 1, 2025.
She has been reassigned to the Retired Reserve effective March 10, 2018.

For her, this brings closure to a decade-long fight, one that involved navigating complex Army regulations, surviving administrative errors, and persevering against decisions that repeatedly misunderstood or overlooked the facts.

It means she can finally access the retirement benefits she earned through years of honorable service. It affirms that her contributions mattered, that her record deserved fairness, and that the system, though slow to act, can still correct itself.

This is vindication, and it is justice.

A Positive Step Forward

The decision also offers hope to other soldiers who may find themselves entangled in the opaque processes governing Army separations, MRD extensions, and retirement eligibility. It reaffirms that the Army Board for Correction of Military Records exists for a reason—and that judicial oversight ensures fairness when the administrative process falters.

Most importantly, today’s decision reminds us that behind every policy, regulation, or order is a human being whose life and livelihood hang in the balance.

Disclaimer

The information contained in this press release is provided for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. No attorney-client relationship is created by reading this release. Every case depends on its own facts, and past results do not guarantee or predict similar outcomes. The details of the underlying case have been carefully presented without identifying the client, consistent with privacy and confidentiality obligations. For advice specific to your situation, please contact a qualified attorney.

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC is a nationally recognized military and federal employment law firm based in Washington, D.C., representing service members, veterans, and federal employees across all branches and uniformed services. The firm specializes in complex matters including ABCMR and BCNR appeals, military records corrections, medical and disability retirement cases, security clearance actions, adverse actions, courts-martial defense, and federal employment disputes.

With decades of combined experience, the firm is known for its meticulous case preparation, appellate expertise, and unwavering commitment to securing justice for those who serve. To learn more, visit www.militarydefense.com or contact the firm directly for a confidential consultation.

Attorney Dylan Thayer Argues Military Promotion Case Before the D.C. Circuit: Mitchell v. Phelan

Posted on November 21, 2025November 21, 2025 by Becky Haugen

Update: The live recording Oral Argument Mitchell v Phelan.
Friday, November 21, 2025 9:30 A.M.
Judges Pillard, Walker, Edwards Case 1: 25-5013 Ernest Mitchell v. John Phelan

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC, announced that Attorney Dylan Thayer will present oral argument before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on Friday, November 21, 2025, in the case Ernest F. Mitchell v. John Phelan, Secretary of the Navy (Case No. 25-5013).

At issue in this appeal is whether the Navy violated federal law when it delayed a service member’s promotion beyond the statutory 18-month limit set by 10 U.S.C. § 624(d)(5)—and whether that delay automatically entitled Lieutenant Mitchell to promotion “by operation of law.” The case also challenges the Navy’s decision to issue a “detachment for cause”, alleging it was based on arbitrary findings inconsistent with military regulations and fairness standards.

Mitchell, a decorated officer with over a decade of service, was selected and Senate-confirmed for promotion to Lieutenant Commander before the Navy delayed his advancement following a minor disciplinary action. Despite a Board of Inquiry’s recommendation that he remain in service, his promotion was later withdrawn—prompting a challenge before the Board for Correction of Naval Records (BCNR), the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, and now the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals.

Attorney Thayer, who will argue on behalf of LT Mitchell, emphasized the broader implications of the appeal:

“This case isn’t only about one officer’s career,” Thayer said. “It’s about ensuring that the military follows its own laws and deadlines and that service members are not punished twice for the same incident. Congress set an 18-month limit on promotion delays for a reason: to guarantee accountability and prevent arbitrary career destruction.” “It’s also about the plain meaning of the statute.”

The appellant’s brief argues that once the Navy exceeded the statutory delay period, Mitchell was automatically promoted by operation of law, and that the Board for Correction of Naval Records acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it failed to correct this injustice.

The appeal also challenges the Navy’s expansive interpretation of “substandard performance” under MILPERSMAN 1611-020, arguing that no definition of “gross negligence” or “complete disregard of duty” fits the record of an officer consistently rated “Promotable” or “Above Standards” in multiple fitness reports.

Oral argument is scheduled for 9:30 A.M. on November 21, 2025, before a three-judge panel at the E. Barrett Prettyman U.S. Courthouse in Washington, D.C. The outcome could set an important precedent on promotion timelines, executive appointment authority, and due process protections for officers across the armed services.

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC, based in Washington, D.C., represents military service members, veterans, and federal employees worldwide in courts-martial, boards of inquiry, BCNR and BCMR appeals, and federal court litigation. The firm is nationally recognized for its advocacy in military justice, administrative appeals, and constitutional due process.

Disclaimer

This release is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Viewing or responding to this release does not create an attorney-client relationship.

USPHS Class Action Update

Posted on November 20, 2025November 21, 2025 by Becky Haugen

USPHS Class Action Update: Back Pay and Ongoing Review

Update Class Action Memo 11_20_2025

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC has issued an update regarding Futch et al. v. United States (No. 1:25-cv-01915-EDK), the class action pending before the U.S. Court of Federal Claims on behalf of U.S. Public Health Service retirees and survivors affected by the 2025 government shutdown.

With the federal government now reopened, the Treasury Department has initiated back pay disbursements for USPHS retirees. While this is a welcome development, the legal question remains unresolved: whether the federal government can suspend pay for uniformed service retirees during future shutdowns.

As counsel for the class, David P. Sheldon and his team will continue to monitor proceedings and oppose any dismissal that fails to address the underlying structural issue.

Retirees and survivors with questions may contact the class coordination team at class.action@militarydefense.com or call 202-546-9575.

Sign-Up to receive updates by using our Contact Us Form

Federal Court Filing Challenges Years-Long Naval Injustice, Seeks Restoration of Honor for Decorated Officer

Posted on November 18, 2025 by Becky Haugen

A Story of Duty, Loss, and the Fight to Correct the Record

In a case that spans more than a decade and cuts to the heart of integrity within the military justice system, a decorated naval officer has filed a powerful legal challenge seeking to correct his record after years of wrongful blame for a tragic maritime accident.

The officer served his country with distinction for nearly a quarter century. His career was abruptly derailed following the death of a sailor during a small-boat operation aboard a naval vessel in the Gulf of Aden. The tragedy, shaped by systemic failures long documented within the ship’s class, triggered immediate scrutiny. But instead of acknowledging years of known mechanical defects, procedural gaps, and unaddressed safety concerns, the Navy unfairly shifted the blame onto the officer, who had done everything he was required to do by Naval regulations to ensure that the operation was conducted safely.

What followed was more than a personal crisis, it became a test of institutional accountability.

A Tragedy Years in the Making

Long before the fatal incident, internal communications, fleet workshops, and technical analyses warned that certain ships suffered from chronic deficiencies, insufficient training guidance, and construction issues that placed sailors at increased risk.

Those warnings never made it to the commanding officers, who as a consequence relied on inaccurate data and outdated procedures, putting themselves and their crews at risk.

When the tragic accident occurred, multiple expert witnesses testified that the operation followed then existing Navy standards and that the failure of the small boat’s engine, combined with equipment and manning limitations, as well as problems endemic to the class of ships as a whole, created a situation that could have happened to any command team under similar conditions.

Yet, despite evidence of systemic failure, the Navy imposed punishment that derailed the officer’s career, stripped him of professional opportunities, and left a shadow over his distinguished service.

The Legal Fight: A Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment

This filing signals a turning point. Dylan Thayer of the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC submitted a comprehensive opposition and cross-motion for summary judgment, arguing that the Navy’s actions were unlawful, unsupported by evidence, and contrary to statute.

The motion challenges:

The Navy’s rejection of a Board for Correction of Naval Records (BCNR) recommendation that unanimously supported correcting the officer’s record and granting him a Special Selection Board (SSB), critically needed to repair years of promotion-board harm.
Procedural violations, including the mishandling and loss of material evidence during administrative review.
The legal authority of a Navy attorney, who overruled the BCNR without sufficient statutory power.

This filing asks the federal court not only to correct the officer’s record but, in so doing, to send a message about fairness, accountability, and due process within the military justice system.

A Human Story at Its Core

Behind the filings, the hearings, and the years of administrative struggle is a simple truth:
A service member who dedicated his life to the Navy has spent years fighting for his name to be cleared and his future to be restored.

He does so not for recognition, but because every service member deserves a system that honors the truth, follows the law, and protects the integrity of those who volunteer to lead.

ABOUT THE LAW OFFICES OF DAVID P. SHELDON, PLLC

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC is a Washington, D.C.–based firm nationally recognized for its representation of service members across all branches, federal employees, veterans, and uniformed officers. The firm specializes in military justice, BCNR/ABCMR petitions, security clearance cases, administrative law, and federal litigation. With a commitment to integrity, advocacy, and excellence, the firm fights for those who serve.

DISCLAIMER

This press release is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. No attorney–client relationship is formed by this communication. Past results do not guarantee future outcomes.

Army Physician Decision by the Physical Evaluation Board, Opening Path Toward Recovery and Renewal

Posted on November 17, 2025November 18, 2025 by Becky Haugen

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC is pleased to share that a client represented before a U.S. Army Physical Evaluation Board (PEB) has formally accepted the board’s findings, completing a significant step in their journey toward recovery and transition. The case is unique as DOD standards are much more stringent regarding Fitness for Duty when applied to physicians serving on active duty.

After months of evaluation, documentation, and review under the Department of Defense’s medical disability process, the client’s board findings were finalized, and the service member signed the formal DA Form 199, concluding the board’s deliberations. The acceptance signifies not only closure within the administrative process but also a personal milestone — a moment to focus on healing and moving forward.

“This stage often represents both an end and a beginning,” said Attorney David P. Sheldon, founder of the firm. “For many of our clients, the Medical Board/Physical Evaluation Board process can be overwhelming and deeply personal. Finalizing the findings allows them to reclaim stability and begin the next chapter with clarity and dignity.”

The MEB and subsequent Physical Evaluation Board (PEB) processes are designed to assess a service member’s fitness for continued military service and entitlement to disability benefits. For many, these proceedings determine the trajectory of their future — including retirement, benefits, and access to medical care.

In this case, the client’s acceptance of the board’s recommendations represents a successful navigation of a complex administrative system that ensures their medical conditions are recognized and appropriately rated. The outcome underscores the importance of due process, advocacy, and professional representation for service members facing health-related career decisions.

The decision came on the heels of the Informal Physical Evaluation Board finding the soldier Fit for Duty, which was appealed. At a formal hearing, presented by Mr. Sheldon, the Board reversed that finding based upon the testimony of forensic psychologist, another doctor and the Soldier as well. In closing, Sheldon did not mince words: “I understand the Army wants a doctor, they paid for a doctor, but through no fault of his own is this soldier fit to be a doctor.”

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC remains committed to supporting service members through every stage of the disability and separation process — from initial medical evaluations to appeals and correction of military records. The firm celebrates this client’s perseverance and courage in reaching this pivotal step toward long-term recovery and personal stability.

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC is a Washington, D.C.–based firm dedicated to defending the rights of service members, veterans, and federal employees worldwide. With decades of experience in military and federal administrative law, the firm represents clients before the Boards for Correction, Medical and Physical Evaluation Boards, the MSPB, and federal courts, ensuring that those who serve are treated with fairness, honor, and respect.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this post is for general informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice or as forming an attorney–client relationship. The case details have been limited to preserve the privacy of the client and comply with applicable confidentiality regulations. Each service member’s situation is unique, and outcomes may vary based on individual facts, evidence, and applicable law. Readers should consult qualified counsel before relying on or applying the information contained herein.