Air Force Rescinds Family Days: Why Staying Current with Policy Matters More Than Ever

As of April 9, 2025, the U.S. Air Force officially rescinded its standardized Family Days policy, giving unit commanders broader discretion in determining when time off can be granted. While this change may seem administrative, it underscores a critical legal point: discretionary leave is not entitlement and misunderstanding that distinction can put your career at risk.

Discretionary Time vs. Enforceable Policy

Discretionary leave, such as Family Days, has always been subject to command approval and operational needs. The rescinded policy clarifies that such days are no longer assumed or scheduled service wide. Commanders now tailor off-duty time based on local mission demands, which means past practices do not guarantee future time off.

This shift has serious implications for accountability and accurate time reporting. Service members must be vigilant in confirming their current leave status. Assuming time off is authorized based on outdated calendars or informal expectations can lead to misreporting service, potentially opening the door to administrative action or punitive measures.

When Misunderstanding Becomes Misconduct

There have been cases where discretionary time, once understood to be granted, was later deemed unauthorized under a revised interpretation or policy. In such cases, a service member who inaccurately reports duty status, intentionally or not, can be exposed to disciplinary proceedings, including loss of rank, benefits, or even separation from service.

These outcomes underscore a fundamental point in military law: policy is enforceable only as it currently stands and not as it was previously applied. Even well-meaning errors in understanding leave authorization can be construed as dereliction or falsification under the UCMJ if the service member fails to follow proper verification procedures.

What You Should Do

  1. Confirm Leave Approval – Always ensure leave is documented and approved through official channels.
  2. Stay Informed – Monitor command communications and policy updates through verified sources.
  3. Document Everything – Keep written confirmation of any discretionary time granted by your command.
  4. Seek Legal Guidance – If your leave status is in dispute or you’re facing administrative action, consult with a qualified military defense attorney immediately.

At The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC, we have successfully defended service members facing complex and high-stakes administrative and disciplinary actions. We understand the nuances of military policy changes and how they impact your rights, rank, and retirement.

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC:
Based in Washington, D.C., our firm is nationally recognized for its legal defense of service members across all branches of the military. From courts-martial and administrative separation to MEB/PEB hearings and wrongful discharge claims, we defend the rights and careers of those who serve.

Learn more: www.militarydefense.com
Serving Clients Worldwide, Based in Washington, DC

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Individuals facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military and Federal law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.

Testimonial: Client Praises Law Offices of David P. Sheldon for Skilled Advocacy in Federal Background Investigation Appeal

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Washington, D.C. – The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon has received high praise from a client following the firm’s effective legal representation in a challenging background investigation appeal involving a federal agency.

In a heartfelt testimonial, K.F. expressed deep appreciation for the firm’s legal guidance and tireless advocacy, noting the team’s professionalism and dedication throughout the case.

“Despite the agency’s reluctance to render a favorable decision, Mr. Sheldon’s team rolled up their sleeves and worked diligently on my case,” said K.F. “Ashleen exhibited meticulous attention to detail and extensive knowledge, ensuring the issue was resolved efficiently and on time.”

K.F. highlighted the firm’s ability to deliver results even in complex cases involving federal protocols. The client also praised the firm’s successful handling of an earlier adverse action affecting a family member, further demonstrating the legal team’s strong litigation skills and client commitment.

“Their skills as litigators are commendable,” K.F. added. “I highly recommend their services to anyone seeking prompt and practical assistance.”

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon
Located in Washington, D.C., the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon is nationally recognized for its excellence in military and federal employment law. The firm represents service members, federal employees, and civilians in courts-martial, security clearance appeals, medical and disability retirement cases, and other complex legal matters. Known for its tenacity and deep legal knowledge, the firm is committed to protecting the rights and careers of its clients.

To learn more, visit www.militarydefense.com or contact the office at (202) 546-9575.

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Individuals facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military and Federal law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.

Honoring Service: Legal Team Wins Medical Retirement for Dedicated USPHS Officer

April 4, 2025

Senior Public Health Service Officer Secures Medical Retirement with Legal Representation from the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon

WASHINGTON, D.C. — A senior officer in the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Commissioned Corps has successfully obtained a medical retirement following an in-depth review by the Medical Review Board and final approval by the Office of the Surgeon General. The officer was represented by Annie Morgan, Senior Military Defense Attorney at the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, PLLC.

The officer served the nation with distinction for more than a decade, including frontline deployments during public health emergencies. Despite a history of exceptional service, the officer developed service-connected medical conditions that rendered continued service untenable. After a thorough review, the Medical Review Board recommended permanent medical retirement, which was approved with an effective retirement date.

Annie Morgan, the officer’s legal representative, praised the outcome:

“This result reflects both the strength of our client’s record and the importance of advocating for the rights of officers who can no longer serve due to medical conditions that they incurred while in service. We’re proud to stand beside those who’ve sacrificed their health in service to this country.”

This case marks yet another success for the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, which is nationally recognized for representing USPHS members, service members, officers, and federal employees in complex legal and administrative matters, including medical retirement, disability evaluation, courts-martial, and correction of military records.

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon

Located in Washington, D.C., the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon is a premier military law firm dedicated to defending the rights of U.S. service members and federal employees across all branches and uniformed services. The firm specializes in military justice, administrative law, disability and retirement proceedings, and appeals before military and federal courts. Led by founding attorney David P. Sheldon and supported by a team of seasoned litigators, the firm brings decades of experience and an unwavering commitment to justice.

Contact:

Law Offices David P. Sheldon, PLLC
202-546-9575
militarydefense.com

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Individuals facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military and Federal law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.

 

 

Federal Court Rejects Army’s Denial of Reservist’s Application for Retirement Benefits

Federal Court Rejects Army’s Denial of Reservist’s Application for Retirement Benefits

Federal Judge Finds Army’s Decision Arbitrary, Siding with Plaintiff Represented by Law Offices of David P. Sheldon

WASHINGTON, D.C. — April 3, 2025 — A federal court has sided with a retired Army Reserve officer in her challenge to the Army’s decision to separate her just four months shy of qualifying for military retirement. The case, brought under the Administrative Procedure Act, was remanded for further proceedings after U.S. District Judge Loren L. AliKhan ruled that the Army’s reasoning for denying retirement benefits was “arbitrary and capricious.”

The plaintiff, a decorated Lieutenant Colonel with nearly 18 years of honorable service, had sought a modest extension of her service to reach the 20-year retirement threshold. Although her original position was deemed “overstaffed,” she successfully pursued a transfer to an understaffed Civil Affairs unit only to be discharged days before the transfer was finalized.

The Army Board for Correction of Military Records unanimously recommended correcting her records to reflect 20 years of service and to award retroactive retirement pay. But in a move the court called confusing and unsupported, a Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army overruled that recommendation in a single paragraph. The court determined that the Army’s rejection lacked any meaningful explanation and misunderstood key facts in the case.

“This case isn’t just about one soldier, it’s about fairness and accountability in how the Army treats its own,” said Dylan Thayer, the plaintiff’s attorney and partner at the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, a D.C.-based firm known for championing military rights. “We’re proud to fight for service members who’ve earned the benefits they were promised.”

The court’s decision sends the matter back to the Army for further review, giving the plaintiff a renewed chance to secure the retirement benefits she should have rightfully received.

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon
Based in Washington, D.C., the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon is one of the nation’s premier military law firms. With a track record of defending the rights of service members across all branches, the firm handles courts-martial, correction of military records, medical retirement claims, and constitutional rights cases. Visit www.militarydefense.com for more information.

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Individuals facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military and Federal law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.

Fighting for What You’ve Earned: How to Defend Your Disability and Retirement Rights in the MEB/PEB Process

The MEB/PEB Process Isn’t Just Paperwork—It’s Your Future. Here’s How to Protect It.

When you’ve served your country with honor, you deserve a fair and compassionate process when facing a medical retirement. But too often, the Medical Evaluation Board (MEB) and Physical Evaluation Board (PEB) process feels anything but fair. That’s why defending your rights isn’t just about checking boxes—it’s about ensuring your future is secure.

The Process: What’s at Stake

The MEB/PEB process determines whether you are fit for duty and, if not, the level of disability compensation to which you are entitled. The decisions made during this process affect:

  • Whether you are separated or medically retired
  • The amount of disability pay you receive (or don’t)
  • Your eligibility for TRICARE, commissary privileges, and other benefits
  • Your ability to transition to VA benefits with the right rating

It’s not just a decision about your health—it’s a decision that can shape your financial security, healthcare access, and family stability for the rest of your life.

When the Rating Is Wrong

Imagine this: after months—sometimes years—of dealing with chronic pain, surgeries, or mental health challenges, you finally reach the end of your service. You expect a fair assessment. But then the PEB assigns you a 10% rating instead of 50%. That number means the difference between medical separation and a full medical retirement.

Medical separation with a low rating might offer a one-time severance. That’s it. No retirement pay. No continued TRICARE. No permanent disability compensation. And to make it worse, that rating can affect your VA benefits too.

You can appeal, but the window is tight. You’re suddenly faced with legal jargon, deadlines, and a system that doesn’t always explain your options. You’re trying to recover and plan for the next chapter—but now you’re also expected to navigate one of the most complex administrative processes in the military.

Why Legal Support Matters

This is where a skilled attorney can change everything. A legal team with experience in the MEB/PEB system can:

  • Review your medical file for errors or missing documentation
  • Request an Independent Medical Review
  • Build a strong rebuttal for the informal PEB findings
  • Represent you at a formal hearing
  • Fight for the correct disability rating and retirement status
  • Advise you on when and how to transition to VA claims

The process is filled with legal hurdles that are easy to trip over without help. Timelines are short, evidence rules are strict, and appealing a bad decision takes both precision and persistence.

You shouldn’t have to fight this battle alone—especially when you’re already facing the challenges of a disabling condition.

Compassion, Not Complication

You’ve carried out your duties with loyalty and resilience. Now the system should carry out its responsibility with fairness and integrity. The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon believes in standing up for those who stood up for all of us. We help ensure the MEB/PEB process doesn’t fail you, and that your rating reflects the true impact of your condition.

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon

Based in Washington, DC, the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon is one of the nation’s leading military and federal defense firms. We represent active duty, reserve, guard, retired, and civilian federal employees across all branches. With decades of experience in military disability, retirement law, and administrative appeals, we guide service members through every step of the MEB/PEB process and beyond—ensuring your service is honored and your rights are protected.

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Individuals facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military and Federal law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.

Law Offices of David P. Sheldon Secures Disability and Retirement Benefits in Medical Evaluation Board Determination

Washington, DC — April 1, 2025 — The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon announces a successful challenge to a Medical Evaluation Board (MEB) determination on behalf of a Commissioned Corps Officer. Following submission of an Officer Response Form requesting a Full & Fair Hearing with the Medical Appeals Board, the USPHS found the officer unfit for duty, not due to his misconduct, but due to his service-connected disability.  This allows him to earn his rightfully owned retirement benefits and corresponding VA benefits.

“When military service results in a disability, which prevents a service-member from finishing their career, they are entitled to compensation for that disability and to the retirement benefits they have rightfully earned,” said Senior Military Defense Attorney Annie Morgan. “We’re proud to have secured this fitness‑for‑duty determination, ensuring our client will have the resources – both financial and medical – to properly treat his service-connected disability moving forward.”

Law Offices of David P. Sheldon
202-546-9575
militarydefense.com

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon
The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a nationally recognized firm specializing in military and federal employment law. With decades of combined experience, the firm advocates for servicemembers, veterans, and federal employees facing administrative injustices, ensuring their rights are protected and their records accurately reflect their service. Known for its commitment to integrity, personalized client service, and tenacious representation, the firm has successfully secured corrections of military records, restoration of benefits, and vindication of career reputations.

 

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Individuals facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military and Federal law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.

 

Federal Court Rules in Favor of Army Reservist, Remanding Her Application to Secure Retirement Benefits in the Rank of Lieutenant Colonel

WASHINGTON, D.C., March 26, 2025 — The United States District Court for the District of Columbia has granted summary judgment to a Lieutenant Colonel in her lawsuit challenging the Army’s denial of her Mandatory Removal Date (MRD) extension, remanding the case for further proceedings to correct her military records and secure retroactive retirement benefits.

The LtCol was involuntarily separated from the Army Reserve on October 31, 2015, four months short of the eighteen‑year service requirement for non‑regular retirement pay, despite applying for an MRD extension and being selected for transfer into an understaffed Army specialty. After the Army Board for Correction of Military Records recommended granting her relief, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army overturned that recommendation without a reasoned explanation, prompting the LtCol to appeal under the Administrative Procedure Act.

“Today’s decision underscores the importance of transparency and fairness in the military’s personnel processes,” said Dylan Thayer of the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon in Washington, DC. “The LtCol dedicated nearly two decades of service to our country and was unjustly denied the retirement benefits she earned. We look forward to finally achieving the correction she deserves.”

About the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon
The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon, headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a nationally recognized firm specializing in military and federal employment law. With decades of combined experience, the firm advocates for servicemembers, veterans, and federal employees facing administrative injustices, ensuring their rights are protected and their records accurately reflect their service. Known for its commitment to integrity, personalized client service, and tenacious representation, the firm has successfully secured corrections of military records, restoration of benefits, and vindication of career reputations.

Contact:
Law Offices of David P. Sheldon
202-546-9575
militarydefense.com

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Individuals facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military and Federal law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.

 

Passport Policy Rollback Could Ground Transgender Troops Providing Additional Barriers to Deploy

Passport Denials, Deployment Barriers, and Legal Protections: The New Battlefront for LGBTQ+ Service Members

In March 2025, the Trump administration moved to rescind the ability for U.S. citizens to mark “X” as their gender on passports, reversing a 2021 Biden-era policy intended to provide greater inclusivity for transgender, nonbinary, and intersex individuals 1. The implications go beyond civilian inconvenience. For LGBTQ+ service members, especially those who are transgender or nonbinary, this policy threatens both their identity and their ability to serve.

A Policy Shift with Military Consequences

The State Department’s March 2025 policy change, tied to Executive Order #14001-TR (issued January 20, 2025), discontinues the issuance of passports with a gender-neutral “X” marker 2. While framed as a reversal to restore “biological integrity” in federal documents, the effect for military members is operational: those whose legal identity relies on the “X” designation may now face obstacles to travel and deployment.

Military members require valid passports for:

  • Overseas deployment and stationing
  • Temporary Duty (TDY) assignments
  • Humanitarian or evacuation missions
  • Emergency leave travel

Without a valid passport that reflects their identity or matches DoD records, these service members risk being labeled non-deployable—a classification that can lead to lost promotion opportunities, administrative separation, or early discharge.

A Conflict Between DoD and Federal Civilian Policy

The Department of Defense (DoD), under Instruction 1300.28 (“Military Service by Transgender Persons and Persons with Gender Dysphoria”), recognizes gender transition and allows service members to update their gender marker in the Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System (DEERS) 3. However, the recent passport policy is not harmonized with DoD’s more inclusive procedures, creating a bureaucratic inconsistency that places transgender troops in administrative limbo.

For example, a service member may have “X” listed on their state ID or previously issued passport but be forced to choose “M” or “F” for federal identification moving forward—an act that could contradict their affirmed identity and violate medical or psychological care protocols.

Legal Pushback: The Courts Step In

On March 22, 2025, U.S. District Judge Tanya Chutkan issued a temporary injunction blocking the enforcement of a separate Trump-era policy aimed at banning transgender individuals from serving in the military 4. In her ruling, she emphasized that such a ban likely violates the Fifth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection and due process, particularly when no rational basis supports singling out transgender individuals for exclusion.

This judicial intervention suggests courts are increasingly willing to scrutinize and stop government actions that impose disproportionate burdens on transgender Americans—including those in uniform.

Actionable Legal Steps for LGBTQ+ Service Members

Here’s what affected service members can and should consider doing:

  1. Document All Passport Issues
    Keep a record of any denied or delayed passport applications, especially if citing gender marker issues. This documentation will be critical if legal action becomes necessary.
  2. Consult with Military or Civilian Counsel
    Legal experts—such as those at the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon—can assist in reviewing your rights under military regulations, federal law, and constitutional protections.
  3. File IG or EO Complaints When Appropriate
    Service members facing administrative punishment due to passport complications or identity-related discrimination, they should consider an Inspector General (IG) or Equal Opportunity (EO) complaint, both of which are protected channels under DoD policy.
  4. Know Your Rights Under DoDI 1300.28
    The instruction affirms a service member’s ability to transition, update records, and seek medical care for gender dysphoria. If command resists updates, legal intervention may be warranted.
  5. Join Legal and Advocacy Efforts
    National advocacy groups like SPARTA (for transgender military personnel), Modern Military Association of America, and Lambda Legal are already mobilizing to support legal challenges to the passport policy. Service members may be able to join amicus briefs or class actions.
  6. Coordinate Records Consistency
    Where possible, align gender markers across state IDs, DEERS records, and other federal documents to minimize administrative friction—though this may not fully solve the passport issue under current rules.

Conclusion: Equality Must Be Operational

Military service demands sacrifice and resilience. But it should never demand erasure. If the federal government entrusts LGBTQ+ Americans to defend the nation, it must ensure they can do so with full legal recognition and dignity. The battle for equal service is far from over—but with the courts watching and service members stepping forward, this latest rollback can—and should—be challenged.

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Individuals members facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military and Federal law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.

 

If a transgender or nonbinary military member cannot get a passport that reflects their identity or matches their DoD records, they may be:

  • Labeled non-deployable
  • Removed from overseas assignments
  • Or barred from promotion or certain career tracks due to their inability to fulfill global service requirements

References

  1. S. Department of State, “Gender Designation on U.S. Passports,” Bureau of Consular Affairs, 2021.
  2. Executive Order #14001-TR, “Restoring Biological Standards in Federal Identification,” Office of the President, Jan. 20, 2025.
  3. Department of Defense Instruction 1300.28, “Military Service by Transgender Persons and Persons with Gender Dysphoria,” revised 2022.
  4. Doe v. Department of Defense, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 25-cv-00418, March 22, 2025.

 

Securing Medical Retirement: Navigating MEB, Disability Ratings, and the Fight for Full Benefits

When a service member or federal employee is forced to medically retire, the battle is often just beginning. What should be a medically supported transition can quickly turn into an administrative nightmare—especially when the disability rating assigned by the Medical Evaluation Board (MEB) or Physical Evaluation Board (PEB) doesn’t reflect the full extent of their service-connected conditions.

The 30% and 50% Thresholds: More Than Just Numbers

For military personnel, a disability rating below 30% at separation can mean being cut off from full military retirement and healthcare benefits—even while the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) may assign a much higher rating for the same condition.

Even more critically, those medically retiring after 20 years of service need a minimum VA disability rating of 50% to receive Concurrent Retirement and Disability Pay (CRDP)—the ability to collect both retirement and disability benefits in full. Anything less results in an offset that significantly reduces long-term financial security.

“For service members approaching medical retirement, achieving a 50% VA rating is absolutely crucial if they want to access concurrent retirement and disability benefits,” says Annie Morgan, Senior Military Defense Counsel at the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon. “That rating threshold can mean the difference between a full pension and a lifetime of lost entitlements.”

Morgan emphasizes the importance of including all physical and mental health conditions in one’s VA claim, along with detailed, service-connected documentation and the use of specific language that aligns with VA criteria.

The Fallout of an Inaccurate Rating

Too often, service members are rushed out of service with a DOD disability rating that doesn’t align with the medical evidence or the VA’s later determination. A recent Stars and Stripes report revealed widespread inconsistencies in how the Department of Defense and the VA assign disability ratings, particularly for combat-wounded veterans:

“A review of cases by The Associated Press found that some combat-injured troops received low DOD ratings despite severe conditions later rated at 70% or higher by the VA.”

Stars and Stripes, March 21, 2025
Read full article

These discrepancies leave veterans without the retirement they earned and push them into lengthy appeals or corrections through the Board for Correction of Military Records (BCMR).

Legal Support Can Make the Difference

This is where the Law Offices of David P. Sheldon can make a critical difference. As one of the nation’s premier military defense and administrative law firms, the firm has extensive experience representing service members and federal employees at every stage of the medical retirement process.

Whether you’re:

  • Challenging a low disability rating from the MEB or PEB
  • Filing a VA disability appeal to maximize your rating
  • Requesting a correction through the BCMR to secure retirement pay retroactively
  • Protecting your security clearance while undergoing medical retirement
  • Or seeking medical retirement as a federal civilian employee

The Law Offices of David P. Sheldon brings decades of experience to your side. The firm has secured life-changing results for clients who were improperly separated or mis-rated, restoring retirement benefits, back pay, and dignity.

Steps You Can Take Right Now

  1. Document Every Condition. Make sure all medical issues—especially mental health—are recorded in your military or federal medical file.
  2. File a Detailed VA Claim. Include every diagnosis, symptom, and its impact on your ability to work or perform daily tasks. Use specific language tied to VA rating criteria.
  3. Don’t Rush Retirement. If you’re close to hitting 20 years, make every effort to reach that threshold. It significantly changes your eligibility for benefits.
  4. Push Back Against Low Ratings. Appeal decisions from both the VA and the DOD if they do not reflect your medical reality. You have legal rights to challenge those outcomes.
  5. Seek Experienced Legal Counsel. Navigating the MEB, VA system, and BCMR is incredibly complex—having a team that specializes in these areas can maximize your outcome.

Final Thoughts

Medical retirement is more than a paperwork process—it’s the final chapter in your military or federal career, and it deserves the full weight of accuracy, fairness, and advocacy. If your service has come at the cost of your health, don’t settle for less than the benefits you earned. Get the right support, fight for the correct rating, and ensure your retirement reflects your sacrifice.

Key Resources

  • VA Disability Compensation Overview
  • Concurrent Retirement and Disability Pay (CRDP)
  • DoD Disability Evaluation System (DES) Guide
  • Board for Correction of Military Records (BCMR) Process

📎 Learn more: https://www.militarydefense.com
📞 Schedule a consultation: 202-546-9575

Disclaimer:

The information provided in this article is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. Service members facing legal or administrative challenges should consult with a qualified attorney who is experienced in military law to receive guidance tailored to their specific circumstances.